For live one-to-one teaching
Plan from evidence, not guesswork.
Use a diagnostic when the starting point is unclear. Then choose one lesson, open its learner page for the shared screen, and keep its printable plan beside you for timing and notes.
- 01Locate
Use diagnostic evidence, the current course level, and prerequisites.
- 02Prepare
Open the printable plan and identify the real-life production target.
- 03Teach
Move from noticing to discovery, practice, communication, and reflection.
- 04Record
Keep one can-do, one remaining friction point, and one next-use prompt.
Human review queue
Teach, observe, then sign off.
These lessons are available for guided use, but their pedagogy remains provisional until live learner evidence is recorded.
115 lessons0 of 345 anonymous pilots recorded
A0 · 01The verb to be (am / is / are)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 02Subject pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 03Articles a / anEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 04this / that / these / thoseEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 05Regular plural nounsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 06Classroom objectsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 07Possessive adjectives (my, your, his…)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 08Family membersEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 09Question words: what, where, who, howEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 10Greetings & introductionsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 11Cardinal numbers 0–100Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 12The alphabet & spellingEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 13Countries & nationalitiesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 14Days, months, datesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 15Colors & basic adjectivesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA0 · 16AnimalsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 01Present simple (all forms, do / does)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 02Object pronounsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 03Common verbs & adjectivesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 04Adverbs of frequencyEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 05Daily routines & telling the timeEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 06Hobbies & free timeEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 07can for ability and permissionEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 08ImperativesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 09Present continuousEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 10The definite and zero articleEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 11Possessive noun ’sEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 12there is / there areEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 13Prepositions of time and placeEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 14Rooms & furnitureEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 15some / any with countable & uncountable nounsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 16Food & drinkEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 17Clothes & shoppingEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 18Weather & seasonsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 19have gotEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 20Jobs & workplacesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA1 · 21was / were (past of to be)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 01Past simple (regular & irregular verbs)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 02Travel & transportEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 03Past continuousEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 04Present perfect (ever / never, just / already / yet)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 05Past-time expressionsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 06Technology & devicesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 07Town & directionsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 08be going to for plansEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 09will for predictions & offersEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 10Zero conditionalEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 11First conditionalEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 12Feelings & personalityEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 13Comparatives & superlativesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 14Modals: should, must, have toEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 15Health & the bodyEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 16Quantifiers: much / many / a lot ofEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 17Verb + infinitive / -ingEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 18Education & studyEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 19Adverbs of mannerEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsA2 · 20Phrasal verbs (common)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 01Present perfect continuousEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 02Gerunds vs infinitivesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 03Work & careersEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 04Collocations & word familiesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 05Sentence stress, rhythm & syllablesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 06Past perfectEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 07Reported speech (statements)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 08Passive voice (present & past simple)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 09Media & newsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 10Discourse linkersEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 11used to / would for past habitsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 12RelationshipsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 13Question tagsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 14Modals of deduction: might, could, mustEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 15Crime & societyEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 16Environment & natureEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 17Second conditionalEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 18Money & spendingEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 19Defining relative clausesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB1 · 20Future review: will / going to / present continuousEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 01Third & mixed conditionalsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 02Past perfect continuousEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 03Future perfect & future continuousEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 04Modals of past speculation (must have, can't have)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 05wish / if onlyEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 06Idioms & fixed expressionsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 07Full passive (all tenses, passive reporting)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 08Causative have / get something doneEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 09Reported speech (questions, commands, reporting verbs)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 10Non-defining relative clausesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 11Cleft sentences for emphasisEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 12Advanced discourse markersEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 13Abstract & academic topicsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 14Politics & global issuesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 15Science & innovationEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 16Register & formalityEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 17Nuanced adjectives & intensifiersEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 18Connotation & shades of meaningEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsB2 · 19Phrasal verbs (advanced)Editorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 01Advanced tense and aspect reviewEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 02Narrative tenses and viewpointEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 03Mixed and implied conditionalsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 04Advanced modal meaning and stanceEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 05Register, tone, and formalityEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 06Inversion after negative expressionsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 07Advanced emphasis and cleft structuresEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 08Collocation and lexical precisionEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 09Connotation, nuance, and implied meaningEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 10Participle clausesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 11Reduced relative clausesEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 12Nominalization and information densityEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 13Hedging and cautious languageEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 14Advanced discourse markers and cohesionEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 15Concession, contrast, and counterargumentEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 16Referencing and avoiding repetitionEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 17Organizing complex spoken argumentsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 18Idiomatic language and fixed expressionsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilotsC1 · 19Phrasal verbs in formal and informal contextsEditorial QA complete · 0/3 pilots
Use the printable worksheet in each plan. Record no names or identifying details, and update canonical review metadata only after a real completed session.
115 lesson plans
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115 lessons across 6 levels
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A0Starter
16 available plans · 16-topic sequence
The very first contact with English. Learners build the alphabet, sounds, numbers and a handful of survival phrases — enough to say who they are and exchange a few words.
End with the A0 diagnostic01The verb to be (am / is / are)Use the verb be to identify people and things, describe feelings and age, and say where someone or something is.02Subject pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)Choose I, you, he, she, it, we, or they to show who a sentence is about without repeating a person’s or thing’s name.03Articles a / anUse a or an for one person or thing, and choose the correct article by listening to the first sound of the next word.04this / that / these / thoseUse this, that, these, and those to identify one or more people or things and show whether they are near or farther away.05Regular plural nounsMake regular nouns plural with -s, -es, or -ies, and recognize the most frequent irregular plural forms needed in everyday English.06Classroom objectsName common classroom and desk objects, talk about one or more of them, and follow practical instructions during a lesson.07Possessive adjectives (my, your, his…)Use my, your, his, her, its, our, and their before a noun to show who owns or is connected to a person or thing.08Family membersName close and extended family members and explain relationships naturally with possessive adjectives and possessive ’s.09Question words: what, where, who, howAsk useful beginner questions with what, where, who, and how, choosing the word that matches a thing, place, person, or way.10Greetings & introductionsOpen a conversation naturally by greeting someone, giving your name, asking for theirs, and responding politely when you meet.11Cardinal numbers 0–100Understand and say numbers from 0 to 100 for ages, prices, phone numbers, addresses, quantities, and other everyday information.12The alphabet & spellingSay and recognize the 26 letter names so you can spell names, email addresses, cities, and other important information clearly.13Countries & nationalitiesAsk where someone is from and answer with accurate country and nationality words in introductions and everyday conversations.14Days, months, datesName the days and months, understand American-style dates, and use them to discuss meetings, appointments, and deadlines.15Colors & basic adjectivesDescribe everyday people and things with colors and basic adjectives, placing the adjective correctly before a noun or after be.16AnimalsName common animals and combine articles, plurals, be, have, and simple adjectives to talk about pets and wildlife.
A1Breakthrough
21 available plans · 21-topic sequence
Learners can handle the basics of daily life. They talk about routines, possessions and immediate needs using simple present-tense structures, if the other person speaks slowly and clearly.
End with the A1 diagnostic01Present simple (all forms, do / does)Use the present simple to describe routines, habits, facts, and schedules in affirmative, negative, and question forms.02Object pronounsUse me, you, him, her, it, us, and them after verbs and prepositions to avoid repeating the same names and nouns.03Common verbs & adjectivesBuild complete high-frequency verb chunks, control present-simple forms, and use common adjectives with accurate position, meaning, and degree.04Adverbs of frequencyChoose and position always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, and never to describe repeated patterns and answer how-often questions.05Daily routines & telling the timeDescribe a typical day with natural routine phrases and connect each activity to accurate clock times and parts of the day.06Hobbies & free timeUse natural activity chunks and distinguish routines, preferences, abilities, present interests, frequency questions, and availability.07can for ability and permissionUse can and can’t for ability and present possibility, ask and answer questions, request permission, and make friendly everyday requests.08ImperativesBuild positive and negative imperatives for directions, instructions, requests, and warnings, and use let’s for suggestions.09Present continuousUse the present continuous to describe actions happening now or around now in affirmative, negative, and question forms.10The definite and zero articleChoose the for an identifiable person or thing, and use no article for general plurals, uncountable ideas, and common daily chunks.11Possessive noun ’sUse noun + ’s to connect people, organizations, places, and things, and distinguish possession from the contraction of is.12there is / there areUse there is and there are to say what exists in a place and to ask about singular, plural, and uncountable things.13Prepositions of time and placeChoose at, on, and in for points, days, periods, surfaces, areas, activities, addresses, and common transportation and time chunks.14Rooms & furnitureName rooms and common objects, distinguish furniture from fixtures and appliances, and describe what exists and where known things are.15some / any with countable & uncountable nounsUse some and any with countable and uncountable nouns to discuss food, supplies, quantities, negatives, and questions.16Food & drinkUse practical food and drink vocabulary to discuss meals, order in a cafe, shop for groceries, and talk about quantities.17Clothes & shoppingDescribe clothes accurately and use natural U.S. English to ask about price, size, fit, trying on, and buying or declining.18Weather & seasonsDescribe current conditions, read simple forecasts and temperatures, distinguish weather from climate, and discuss seasons without assuming one global pattern.19have gotUse have got and has got to talk about possessions, family relationships, and personal features and to ask related questions.20Jobs & workplacesName common jobs and workplaces and use natural sentence patterns to explain what you do, where you work, and your responsibilities.21was / were (past of to be)Use was and were to locate and describe people, things, feelings, and situations in the past and to form clear questions.
A2Waystage
20 available plans · 20-topic sequence
Learners cope with routine tasks and exchanges. They can talk about the past and the future, compare things, and describe their background and immediate environment in short connected sentences.
End with the A2 diagnostic01Past simple (regular & irregular verbs)Use regular and irregular past-simple forms to report finished events, build questions and negatives, and tell a clear sequence.02Travel & transportChoose accurate travel chunks, distinguish a mode from a specific vehicle, follow stations and airports, understand schedules and announcements, and solve common journey problems.03Past continuousUse the past continuous to show a situation in progress at a past reference point, set a scene, and relate it to completed events.04Present perfect (ever / never, just / already / yet)Connect before-now events and situations to the present through current results, experience, continuing states, and unfinished reporting periods.05Past-time expressionsLocate, order, and connect past events with clear reference times, finished points, durations, sequence markers, and natural U.S. spoken forms.06Technology & devicesDescribe a device, service, action, observable symptom, scope, and safe next step precisely enough to request or provide basic technology support.07Town & directionsAsk for, give, follow, confirm, and repair a route from a known start point using ordered movement, turn points, landmarks, destination sides, and town locations.08be going to for plansUse be going to for prior intentions and evidence-based predictions, and separate it from arrangements and decisions made now.09will for predictions & offersUse will for neutral predictions, immediate decisions, offers, and commitments, and distinguish an offer from a request.10Zero conditionalConnect a repeated condition to its dependable result, explain routines and systems, and distinguish general patterns from one open future situation.11First conditionalConnect an open future condition to a prediction, plan, possibility, permission, warning, or instruction with accurate clause form and framing.12Feelings & personalityDescribe current feelings, their causes, and evidence-based personality tendencies while distinguishing observed behavior from assumptions about people.13Comparatives & superlativesCompare items on a clear scale, identify an extreme within a defined set, express equality and degree, and support recommendations with evidence.14Modals: should, must, have toChoose advice, ordinary requirements, firm rules, prohibition, and lack of necessity with should, must, and have to.15Health & the bodyDescribe a symptom, body location, onset, duration, and severity; answer common health questions; report instructions; and request urgent help in clear U.S. English.16Quantifiers: much / many / a lot ofChoose quantity expressions from the noun phrase, amount, polarity, and register, including units, small quantities, excess, and natural short answers.17Verb + infinitive / -ingBuild common verb-complement patterns, identify who performs the second action, control negation and prepositional to, and interpret pattern-based meaning changes.18Education & studyDescribe a learning path, distinguish education words and study actions, report evidence of progress, and ask precise classroom questions.19Adverbs of mannerChoose adjective or manner-adverb meaning, form common adverbs accurately, and place them naturally without splitting a verb from its object.20Phrasal verbs (common)Use common multiword verbs by meaning, object pattern, context, register, and spoken form instead of memorizing disconnected particle lists.
B1Threshold
20 available plans · 20-topic sequence
The independent-user threshold. Learners deal with most situations while traveling, produce connected text on familiar topics, and explain their opinions, plans and experiences.
End with the B1 diagnostic01Present perfect continuousConnect an activity before now to its duration, repetition, current progress, or recent evidence, and contrast the activity viewpoint with present perfect simple results.02Gerunds vs infinitivesChoose verb complements through pattern families, infinitive and prepositional to, object structures, and meaning-changing verbs in context.03Work & careersDiscuss roles, employment, responsibilities, applications, skills, achievements, and career changes with precise, natural U.S. English.04Collocations & word familiesRetrieve natural word partnerships, choose family members by grammatical job and meaning, and record vocabulary with stress, register, and reusable context.05Sentence stress, rhythm & syllablesShape clear U.S. English by counting spoken syllables, placing word stress, choosing sentence focus, reducing light words, and grouping ideas into beats.06Past perfectLook back from a past reference point, clarify earlier events and causes, and move between a main story and a flashback without overusing the form.07Reported speech (statements)Report statements accurately by controlling say and tell, speaker and listener reference, time and place viewpoint, and purposeful rather than mechanical backshift.08Passive voice (present & past simple)Choose active or passive focus, build present and past simple passives, decide whether an agent matters, and report processes or incidents responsibly.09Media & newsInterpret headlines, distinguish claims from evidence and opinion, attribute sources accurately, and verify media responsibly in natural B1 English.10Discourse linkersBuild coherent B1 recommendations by making addition, contrast, concession, reason, result, example, sequence, and conclusion explicit.11used to / would for past habitsBuild clear then-and-now accounts with used to, habitual would, and Past Simple while separating old routines from familiarity with be or get used to.12RelationshipsDescribe personal and professional relationships, contact, support, conflict, requests, boundaries, repair, and trust through observable behavior in natural U.S. English.13Question tagsCheck information and invite agreement by matching the statement’s operator, polarity, subject reference, response logic, and conversational intonation.14Modals of deduction: might, could, mustCalibrate present conclusions from stated evidence using must for a strong positive inference, cannot for a strong negative inference, and might or could for live possibilities.15Crime & societyReport incidents neutrally, distinguish common offenses and legal stages, evaluate what evidence supports, and discuss community responses without assuming guilt.16Environment & natureExplain environmental systems, evidence, causes, effects, and realistic responses with precise, natural B1 English.17Second conditionalUse past-form distance to explore imagined present or future situations, compare speaker viewpoints, give tactful advice, and discuss possible results.18Money & spendingDiscuss income, expenses, prices, total cost, fees, borrowing, lending, saving, value, and affordability through precise, private-safe everyday decisions.19Defining relative clausesIdentify exactly which person, thing, place, or possession you mean by controlling relative-clause reference, subject and object gaps, omission, and information flow.20Future review: will / going to / present continuousChoose future forms by presenting a response, intention, evidence-based forecast, arrangement, schedule, or future-clause boundary.
B2Vantage
19 available plans · 19-topic sequence
Learners interact with fluency and spontaneity. They understand complex and abstract texts, argue a point of view, and write clear, detailed prose across a wide range of subjects.
End with the B2 diagnostic01Third & mixed conditionalsReconstruct unreal past causes, calibrate alternative outcomes, and connect earlier choices with present or later consequences.02Past perfect continuousFrame duration, repeated activity, and evidence before a past reference point using had been plus the -ing form.03Future perfect & future continuousLocate completed results, activities in progress, and accumulated duration relative to a precise future reference point.04Modals of past speculation (must have, can't have)Reconstruct possible, probable, and impossible past explanations with modal plus have plus past participle and continuous variants.05wish / if onlyExpress present wishes, past regrets, unavailable ability, and desired change with precise time and attitude.06Idioms & fixed expressionsInfer and use common U.S. English idioms and fixed expressions with accurate meaning, grammar, register, rhythm, and conversational restraint.07Full passive (all tenses, passive reporting)Control passive forms across aspect, tense, and modality and use impersonal or personal passive reporting structures to package information formally.08Causative have / get something doneDistinguish arranged services, named performers, achieved results, and unwanted experiences through precise causative have and get patterns.09Reported speech (questions, commands, reporting verbs)Report questions, requests, commands, advice, promises, admissions, denials, warnings, and suggestions with accurate clause and verb patterns.10Non-defining relative clausesAdd parenthetical detail about already identified nouns or whole clauses using punctuated non-defining relatives and formal preposition patterns.11Cleft sentences for emphasisReshape information with it-clefts, what-clefts, and focused all/reason patterns to correct assumptions and guide attention.12Advanced discourse markersOrganize extended speech and writing with precise concession, contrast, result, addition, reformulation, and stance markers.13Abstract & academic topicsDiscuss evidence, assumptions, causes, trends, implications, and approaches using high-value academic word families and collocations.14Politics & global issuesDiscuss institutions, public policy, rights, inequality, migration, cooperation, and competing priorities with neutral, precise language.15Science & innovationExplain scientific evidence and innovation stages, then evaluate measurement, uncertainty, readiness, benefits, risks, and responsible adoption.16Register & formalityAdapt vocabulary, grammar, directness, and message structure to relationships, channels, purposes, and degrees of formality.17Nuanced adjectives & intensifiersExpress precise degrees of evaluation with gradable and extreme adjectives, natural intensifier collocations, and carefully distinguished near-synonyms.18Connotation & shades of meaningDistinguish denotation, connotation, stance, semantic preference, and framing to choose precise words and interpret evaluation critically.19Phrasal verbs (advanced)Control advanced multiword verbs by meaning, particle pattern, object placement, register, and productive use in connected discourse.
C1Effective Operational Proficiency
19 available plans · 19-topic sequence
Learners use English precisely and flexibly across demanding professional, academic and social contexts. They manage implication, stance, register and extended argument rather than simply adding harder vocabulary.
End with the C1 diagnostic01Advanced tense and aspect reviewChoose tense and aspect from the speaker’s viewpoint to frame completion, duration, relevance, sequence, and future projection precisely.02Narrative tenses and viewpointControl foreground, background, sequence, pacing, and narrator viewpoint to tell complex events clearly and shape how listeners interpret them.03Mixed and implied conditionalsConnect unreal causes and consequences across time, and express conditions economically through context, alternatives, and implied assumptions.04Advanced modal meaning and stanceCalibrate certainty, obligation, willingness, criticism and interpersonal stance through precise modal and semi-modal choices.05Register, tone, and formalityAdapt grammar, vocabulary, directness and interpersonal tone to audience, purpose, medium and power relationship without sounding artificial.06Inversion after negative expressionsUse negative and restrictive fronting with controlled subject-auxiliary inversion to create formal emphasis without distorting meaning.07Advanced emphasis and cleft structuresReshape information with clefts, fronting and strategic repetition to correct assumptions and guide attention through complex discourse.08Collocation and lexical precisionChoose precise lexical combinations by meaning, genre and register, and replace vague wording without forcing rare or unnatural vocabulary.09Connotation, nuance, and implied meaningInterpret and select words for connotation, evaluative force and implied meaning while separating observable facts from speaker judgment.10Participle clausesCompress time, reason, result and accompanying circumstances into clear participle clauses with an unambiguous understood subject.11Reduced relative clausesReduce active and passive relative clauses when reference remains clear, and retain the full clause when reduction would create ambiguity.12Nominalization and information densityUse nominalization to manage information density and formality while preserving agents, actions and accountability when they matter.13Hedging and cautious languageMatch the strength of a claim to the available evidence through hedges, boosters, reporting choices and carefully limited generalizations.14Advanced discourse markers and cohesionBuild cohesion across extended discourse by signaling sequence, reformulation, consequence, concession and shifts in argumentative direction.15Concession, contrast, and counterargumentAcknowledge serious opposing evidence, distinguish concession from contrast, and build proportionate counterarguments in speech and writing.16Referencing and avoiding repetitionMaintain clear reference across long discourse through substitution, ellipsis, lexical chains and selective repetition that prevents ambiguity.17Organizing complex spoken argumentsSustain multi-stage spoken arguments with signposting, controlled digression, reformulation, challenge responses and discourse-level intonation.18Idiomatic language and fixed expressionsInterpret and use high-value idiomatic chunks with attention to register, flexibility, connotation and the risk of overusing memorable expressions.19Phrasal verbs in formal and informal contextsChoose between phrasal verbs and single-word alternatives according to meaning, syntax, register and the communication norms of each context.